无色无味(杨波) 的Web Log(博客)
FreeBSD 安裝 wget
在 Redhat/Fedora 是预设安装好 wget，而 FreeBSD 则预设没有安装，要在文本模式下载文件很不便。在 FreeBSD 要安装 wget 很容易，只要使用 ports 就行了，方法如下:
cd /usr/ports/ftp/wget
make install clean
那么系统就会自动替你完成安装了。
或者使用命令
pkg_add -r wget就可以把wget安装上去了
安装过程：
FreeBSD# pkg_add -r wget
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.4-release/Latest/wget.tbz…
Done.
就这么简单!!!!
Linux 包管理速查表
使用 Linux 系统总是免不了要接触包管理工具。比如，Debian/Ubuntu 的 apt、openSUSE 的 zypp、Fedora 的 yum、Mandriva 的 urpmi、Slackware 的 slackpkg、Archlinux 的 pacman、Gentoo 的 emerge、Foresight 的 conary、Pardus 的 pisi，等等。DistroWatch 针对上述包管理器的主要用法进行了总结，对各位 Linux 用户来说具有很好的参考作用。这个总结还是有一点不足，有空给大家整理一个更全面的版本。
| 任务 | apt Debian, Ubuntu |
zypp openSUSE |
yum Fedora, CentOS |
|---|---|---|---|
| 安装包 | apt-get install <pkg> | zypper install <pkg> | yum install <pkg> |
| 移除包 | apt-get remove <pkg> | zypper remove <pkg> | yum erase <pkg> |
| 更新包列表 | apt-get update | zypper refresh | yum check-update |
| 更新系统 | apt-get upgrade | zypper update | yum update |
| 列出源 | cat /etc/apt/sources.list | zypper repos | yum repolist |
| 添加源 | (edit /etc/apt/sources.list) | zypper addrepo <path> <name> | (add <repo> to /etc/yum.repos.d/) |
| 移除源 | (edit /etc/apt/sources.list) | zypper removerepo <name> | (remove <repo> from /etc/yum.repos.d/) |
| 搜索包 | apt-cache search <pkg> | zypper search <pkg> | yum search <pkg> |
| 列出已安装的包 | dpkg -l | rpm -qa | rpm -qa |
| 任务 | urpmi Mandriva |
slackpkg Slackware |
pacman Arch |
| 安装包 | urpmi <pkg> | slackpkg install <pkg> | pacman -S <pkg> |
| 移除包 | urpme <pkg> | slackpkg remove <pkg> | pacman -R <pkg> |
| 更新包列表 | urpmi.update -a | slackpkg update | pacman -Sy |
| 更新系统 | urpmi –auto-select | slackpkg upgrade-all | pacman -Su |
| 列出源 | urpmq –list-media | cat /etc/slackpkg/mirrors | cat /etc/pacman.conf |
| 添加源 | urpmi.addmedia <name> <path> | (edit /etc/slackpkg/mirrors) | (edit /etc/pacman.conf) |
| 移除源 | urpmi.removemedia <media> | (edit /etc/slackpkg/mirrors) | (edit /etc/pacman.conf) |
| 搜索包 | urpmf <pkg> | – | pacman -Qs <pkg> |
| 列出已安装的包 | rpm -qa | ls /var/log/packages/ | pacman -Qii |
| 任务 | conary rPath, Foresight |
pisi Pardus |
emerge Gentoo |
| 安装包 | conary update <pkg> | pisi install <pkg> | emerge <pkg> |
| 移除包 | conary erase <pkg> | pisi remove <pkg> | emerge -C <pkg> |
| 更新包列表 | pisi update-repo | emerge –sync | layman -S [for added repositories] | |
| 更新系统 | conary updateall | pisi upgrade | emerge -NuDa world |
| 列出源 | pisi list-repo | layman -L | |
| 添加源 | pisi add-repo <name> <path> | layman -a | |
| 移除源 | pisi remove-repo <name> | layman -d | |
| 搜索包 | conary query <pkg> | pisi search <pkg> | emerge –search |
| 列出已安装的包 | conary query | pisi list-installed | cat /var/lib/portage | more |
OpenSUSE的一个小错误
见图上的钱
Linux系统下各文件目录的含义
随着Linux的 不断发展，越来越多的人开始使用Linux，对于那些刚刚接触的人来说，恐怕最先感到困惑的就是那些“不明不白”的目录了。如果想熟练使用Linux，让 Linux听命于自己，就必须掌握这些目录，下面就以Xteam公司的最新产品——XteamLinux 4.0为例，介绍一下在该系统下的目录。
/bin bin是Binary的缩写。这个目录存放着最经常使用的命令。
/boot这里存放的是启动Linux时使用的一些核心文件，包括一些链接文件以及镜像文件。
/dev dev是Device(设备)的缩写。该目录下存放的是Linux的外部设备，在Linux中访问设备的方式和访问文件的方式是相同的。
/etc这个目录用来存放所有的系统管理所需要的配置文件和子目录。
/home用户的主目录，在Linux中，每个用户都有一个自己的目录，一般该目录名是以用户的账号命名的。
/lib这个目录里存放着系统最基本的动态链接共享库，其作用类似于Windows里的DLL文件。几乎所有的应用程序都需要用到这些共享库。
/lost+found这个目录一般情况下是空的，当系统非法关机后，这里就存放了一些文件。
/mnt在这里面中有四个目录，系统提供这些目录是为了让用户临时挂载别的文件系统的，我们可以将光驱挂载在/mnt/cdrom上，然后进入该目录就可以查看光驱里的内容了。
/proc这个目录是一个虚拟的目录，它是系统内存的映射，我们可以通过直接访问这个目录来获取系统信息。这个目录的内容不在硬盘上而是在内存里，我们也可以直接修改里面的某些文件，比如可以通过下面的命令来屏蔽主机的ping命令，使别人无法ping你的机器：
echo 1 >; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all。
/root该目录为系统管理员，也称作超级权限者的用户主目录。
/sbin s就是Super User的意思，这里存放的是系统管理员使用的系统管理程序。
/tmp这个目录是用来存放一些临时文件的。
我们要用到的很多应用程序和文件几乎都存放在usr目录下。具体来说：
/usr/X11R6存放X-Windows的目录；
/usr/games存放着XteamLinux自带的小游戏；
/usr/bin存放着许多应用程序；
/usr/sbin存放root超级用户使用的管理程序；
/usr/doc Linux技术文档；
/usr/include用来存放Linux下开发和编译应用程序所需要的头文件；
/usr/lib存放一些常用的动态链接共享库和静态档案库；
/usr/local这是提供给一般用户的/usr目录，在这里安装一般的应用软件；
/usr/man帮助文档所在的目录；
/usr/src Linux开放的源代码，就存在这个目录，爱好者们别放过哦；
/var这个目录中存放着在不断扩充着的东西，我们习惯将那些经常被修改的目录放在这个目录下。包括各种日志文件。如果你想做一个网站，你也会用到/var/www这个目录。
本文简单讲解了一下目录的大致内容，如果想成为Linux高手，则还要进一步学习Linux下的这些目录。
Installation – OpenSUSE 11.0 / Win XP Dual Boot ()
Hi all
This is a OpenSUSE only variant of a thread I started here
Installing linux alongside windows can be quite daunting for new users. The fear of losing data is always there, besides other problems like corrupting your boot record, getting a completely unusable system at the end, etc.
The purpose of this tutorial is to simplify the process by the use of screenshots of an actual installation (a picture is equal to a thousand words someone said).
I have covered two flavours of linux, Ubuntu and OpenSUSE. The process is very similar in other flavours.
Assesing your hard disk, partitions
To install linux on your PC you should first make some free space available on your hard disk for the install. Click
on Start->Control Panel->Performance and Maintainance->Administrative Tools->Computer Management
I have covered a few possible scenarios you might face.
[list][*]You have a 40 GB hard disk made into four more or less equal partitions. You can see your partitions and their corresponding drive letters (C,D,etc.) in the figure below.
The idea is to free at least 20 GB for our linux install. This might seem like a lot and other’s might disagree, but if you are looking for a full experience I’d recommend it. We will need this space later to make three partitons
Swap – Space=1.5 to 2 times your RAM
Root (designated as /) – stores your OS and system files, programs, etc. – Space approx 8GB
Home (designated as /home) – like the Documents and Settings folder of Windows XP. Stores your preferences, bookmarks, wallpaper, My Documents and Desktop. – Space – remaining space
The / is like the base directory in linux, into which all other directories (folders) are incorporated or "mounted". I took a very long time to understand the concept of "mounting". Don’t worry about it for now, you will understand when the time is right.
So here you will have to backup the data in the last two partitions by writing it to a CD or DVD or copying to another hard disk, and delete them as shown below
[*]You have a 40 GB hard disk with only one partition "C". This is the scenario in many laptops. The other partition may be a back up or EISA partition. Now you’re in for a rough ride. If you have made the back up CDs and DVDs from the EISA partition using the tool the vendor has provided you, you can delete the EISA partiton but you will have to first backup your data, delete all partition using a partition manager like GParted, make a small C partiton, say 20 GB, with the ntfs filesystem using GParted, and then boot from your recovery cd/dvd and restore the system.
[/list]
Resizing Partitions is something I do not recommend with any tool unless you have uninterrupted power supply in your part of the country/world or a power back up solution that lasts for a few hours.
Hardware check
With the advances in Linux and the new kernels this step may not be necessary, but will help you in troubleshooting later if required.
Click on Start->Control Panel->Performance and Maintainance->System
Click on the Hardware tab->Device Manager button
Make a note of the model numbers of your monitor, graphics card (display adapter), and any other devices.
Installing Linux
You are now going to install linux to the empty space on your hard disk that you prepared in the earlier step. Linux by itself is not a single monolithic entity unlike some popular operating systems. It is very much a collaborative effort. It consists of a core (also called a kernel) on which the entire system is built on an runs. Linux is modular. As you become more experienced, you will realise that you can add and remove modules depending on your requirement and create a highly customised system, to make a long story short – NO **** is forced down your throat. No hidden agandas, no long cryptic EULAs (the thingy which you blindly scroll down and click "I agree" without batting an eyelid), and no leash up your arse (pardon the bad language but that’s exactly how I feel).
So let’s get started !!
The first step in installing any linux distro involves booting from a live media, usually a CD or DVD.
SUSE CDs and DVDs can be downloaded from openSUSE.org
To boot from the cd or dvd your bios should have it as the first boot device. Alternatively some bios allow you to select the boot device. The key used for this varies with different manufacturers. To see if your bios has a boot device select menu please refer the manual of your motherboard or take help from a more experienced friend.
I suggest you try the following – insert the cd or dvd and start your pc. If your pc boots too fast simply restart windows with the cd or dvd in the drive and see what happens. Very often the optical drive would have been set as the first boot device and the system boots from the cd automatically. If it still goes to windows and refuses to boot from your cd or dvd then you will have to adjust your bios settings or search for a boot menu as I described earlier.
OpenSUSE Installation
If your pc boots successfully from your OpenSUSE DVD you will see this screen
You will see the Welcome screen in your language. Make sure your language selection and keyboard selection is right, tick I Agree and click next
Your system will be probed
Select New Installation, and uncheck Use Automatic Configuration
Choose your desktop. I’d recommend GNOME desktop if you have <b>less than</b> 512 MB RAM, and KDE 3.5 if you have more than that.
You will now be presented with the partitioning options. OpenSUSE "intelligently" offers to resize your windows partition and do everything automatically. I advise AGAINST using this option, and instead click Create Partition Setup
You will now come to a screen which shows you the layout of partiitons on your hard disk. Note the nomenclature used in linux. The first hard disk is labelled as /dev/sda Partitions withing this are labelled as /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 so on and so forth. Now in this example, there are some numbers missing inbetween as you can see. These have gone for the extended partition. /dev/sda5 is actually my D drive, but as it is not formatted it shows up as an unknown partition. /dev/sda1 is the C drive and has an ntfs filesystem.
Select /dev/sda and click on the the Create button, you will get a dialog box as shown below
Click the dropdown list against filesystem and select swap
Click OK. Now again select /dev/sda and click on the the Create button, you will get a dialog box as shown below. Select the filesystem as ext3, End as +8GB, mount point as /
Click OK. Now again select /dev/sda and click on the the Create button, you will get a dialog box as shown below. Select the filesystem as ext3, mount point as /home
Leave the End value as it is
The proposed partition table layout will get updated as shown
You can also confirm this by seeing the size of the partiton in the partitioner (I am assuming that you know the size of your windows drives/partitions). So select /dev/sda1 and click Edit. You will get this dialog box
Now type /windows/c as shown in the mount point box. Click on Fstab options
In this tick mountable by user, and in the Arbitrary option value box add the entry
umask=0002
inbetween users, and fmask=133
so it should read
….users,umask=0002,fmask=133….
Please note it is umask and not unmask Click OK
Do the same for other windows partitions, the only difference being the difference in mount point. D will become /windows/d E will become /windows/E so on and so forth. There is no need to mount the partition marked as extended partition.
This is how your proposed partition table layout finally looks like.
Remember, nothing has actually happened to your partitions as yet, this is just a proposed layout, so if you make a mistake in your newly created linux partitions you can simply go back and redo the partitioning. Note the partition table down in a book and keep it safely. You will require it to rescue your system if need be, and to install the GAG boot loader later (optional but desirable). Click Next.
You will be shown, one last time the partitioning tasks that the installer is going to perform. Click Next
If your password is weak you will get these prompts. I usually give yes to override them, this is optional, you may take them seriously and give a strong password if you are in a multiuser environment.
Key in your root password (also called administrator password) and click next
这个周末奉献给Opensuse和SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop Linu
周末为了安装openSUSE.花费了我近2天的时间.
因我的光驱只是DVD的.不能刻盘.没法.只有使用硬盘安装.捣鼓了两天也没有安装成功.
解压到硬盘上安装.提示找不到源
从DOS下加载ISO运行呢.FAT32下面又放不到openSUSE的安装文件.
结果还是只有用我那可怜的suse 10.1(Gtk被我升级挂了…………………)
本来我的原意是安装SUSE linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP2的.结果在家从Novell官方上面下载它.也花费了我近2天的时间. 用本本下了1个晚上+半个白天后.发现停在66%左右不动了. 用台式机下载也是到66%左右就不动了!!!!!!!!!!!! 把任务删除了重新下载也同样的下载到半路中 也不动了!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 气死我耶…
今天早上起来,突然想起,我还有个服务器的嘛. 立马Mstsc上服务器. 重新下载.
我拷,在下载openSUSE 时.速度达到6M/s多. 害得那该死的迅雷 还一度假死…………
然后重新下载Novell SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10.2. 有个前几次失败的经历后,直接把任务添加到下载软件里,就上班去了!!!!!
上班后,发现两个文件都已经成功的下载下来了!!!!!!!!!!!!!
恭喜一下…..
SUSE Linux Professional ftp.suse.com: Internationa
Legend
- complete
- ftp.suse.com is mirrored completely (including all distributions and updates)
- almost complete
- most parts of ftp.suse.com are mirrored (including all/most distributions and updates)
- <Architecture>
- <Architecture> = axp, i386, ia64, ppc, ppc64, s390, sparc, sparc64, x86_64. Distributions for <Architecture> are mirrored.
- update <Architecture>
- <Architecture> = axp, i386, ia64, ppc, ppc64, s390, sparc, sparc64, x86_64. Updates for <Architecture> are mirrored
For the directory structure on the ftp-Servers please refer to the ftp.suse.com – most mirrors have got similar structures.
WindowsNOTICE:
In many cases the psclient.exe program remains in memory even if you close the client, so you will NOT be able to update all files while it is running. Open the task manager and ensure to end all psclient.exe processes before updating. We hope to resolve this issue shortly.
Windows Client (330 MB):
| Mirror Host | Mirror Location | Client Version | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internode | Australia | 0.4.01 | Download |  |
| Xordan | U.S.A. | 0.4.01 | Download |  |
| Reisinger | Germany | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download |  |
| PsMirror | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Stacken | Sweden | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download |  |
| Clever Technologies | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Do you want to be a mirror? Contact us! | ||||
If after the download you experience problems in running the installer program, be sure that the size of the file you have matches the size above.
md5 checksum:
Tip: You can check if the file you downloaded is exactly the same as the one we have here downloading this tool.
PlaneShift-v0.4.01.exe:
NOTICE:
We only support the x86 and amd64/EM64T architectures with these clients. We do however offer the best support we can for those compiling themselves on other architectures!
Check
for important installation information and post any problems
.
Linux Client
(32 bit)
(313 MB):
| Mirror Host | Mirror Location | Client Version | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internode | Australia | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Xordan | U.S.A. | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Reisinger | Germany | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download | |
| PsMirror | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Stacken | Sweden | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download | |
| Clever Technologies | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Do you want to be a mirror? Contact us! | ||||
md5 checksum:
PlaneShift-v0.4.00-x86.bin: cf1270be1a71aef2cef37b283e6bccc2
Linux Client
(64 bit)
(314 MB):
| Mirror Host | Mirror Location | Client Version | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internode | Australia | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Xordan | U.S.A. | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Reisinger | Germany | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download | |
| PsMirror | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Stacken | Sweden | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download | |
| Clever Technologies | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Do you want to be a mirror? Contact us! | ||||
md5 checksum:
PlaneShift-v0.4.00-x64.bin: e2b7c8e2395884781692e70390265bb1
NOTICE:
Please be aware that there are a few known problems in the current distro.
Check
to have fresh news on the Mac distro status.
Mac OSX Client (326 MB) Download the one compatible with your operating system 10.3.9 or above:
| Mirror Host | Mirror Location | Client Version | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internode | Australia | 0.4.01 for newer OS | Download | |
| Internode | Australia | 0.4.01 for 10.3.9 OS | Download | |
| Xordan | U.S.A. | 0.4.01 for newer OS | Download | |
| Xordan | U.S.A. | 0.4.01 for 10.3.9 OS | Download | |
| Reisinger | Germany | OLD!!! 0.3.020a | Download | |
| PsMirror | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| PsMirror | U.S.A | 0.4.01 for 10.3.9 OS | Download | |
| Stacken | Sweden | OLD!!! 0.4.00 | Download | |
| Clever Technologies | U.S.A | 0.4.01 | Download | |
| Clever Technologies | U.S.A | 0.4.01 for 10.3.9 OS | Download | |
| Do you want to be a mirror? Contact us! | ||||
md5 checksum:
PlaneShift-v0.4.00-OSX.zip: 76972b2478a30f8a58af174f1f9c2680
Although not officially supported, there is a group of fans that tested PlaneShift in FreeBSD, you can find the download
.
If you have any question, please be sure to review the
in the Documentation section of the site.
We provide our source code for those who wish to compile their own client.
if you wish to follow this path.
Novell 官方文档 (SUSE电子书)
来自：http://cn.opensuse.org/%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3
为我等刚接触SUSE的同学又提供了一个绝好的帮助
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 和 SP1 评估版下载
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 下载
试用这款 60 天免费的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 评估版，它包含完整版的所有内容，并有 60 天的更新和增补程序服务。评估期结束后将不能获得任何技术支持或更新。您可以通过在线购买或选择我们提供的其它购买选项之一，来获取技术支持和为期一年的增补程序与更新服务。
- 选择您需要的版本的下载链接。
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Service Pack 1：- 适用于 x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP1（新安装）
- 将 Service Pack 1 应用于当前安装的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10：
- 请登录您的 Novell 登录帐户（或创建一个帐户）。
- 记下需要在安装期间使用的激活代码或将其打印出来。
- 选择“下载媒体”下面的产品。
- 单击“继续下载”。
- 下载适合您的平台的文件。
请注意：在您登录后，该评估软件会自动为您注册。您可以立即开始使用免费的 60 天在线更新服务。
确保安装完产品后，获取您的标签。
如何使用激活代码
在安装 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 期间，系统会要求您验证互联网接入情况。在“更新配置”部分中，将显示“Novell 客户中心配置”屏幕。系统会询问您是否要继续。此时：
- 请输入 Novell 下载页面中的激活代码以及您的电子邮件地址。
- 单击“下一步”。如果您不希望立即更新，单击“否，跳过更新”。
- 完成安装后，您可以随时进行更新。但是，如果提供任何更新，我们建议您下载并安装这些更新以修复已知漏洞或安全隐患。
现在您就可以开始使用 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 评估版。
注：该评估版软件的唯一限制是您可以免费访问 update.novell.com 的时间。您选择购买 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 订阅后，将会为您提供一个新的激活代码，您可以轻松在您的机器或 Novell 客户中心中进行更新，从而可以重新访问 update.novell.com 以获取产品增补程序和更新。
您现在便可以获得 60 天的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 增补程序，方法如下：在使用 YaST Online Update 时输入您的 Novell 用户名和密码；通过 Novell 客户中心下载这些增补程序；或是从 download.novell.com 手动下载 Service Pack 和增补程序。（详情见下。）
管理和延长评估期限
您的评估版软件自动完成注册后，您可以使用“Novell 客户中心”管理您的临时订阅、留意到期日期、跟踪所有安装了该软件的系统，并在您决定购买时将其升级到完整订阅。有关 Novell 客户中心的详细信息，请参阅此常见问题解答。
如果您目前正在评估 Novell 软件，则可以将评估期限再延长 60 天。为此，您需要登录 Novell 客户中心，查找您的产品，然后单击“操作”栏内的“延期”链接。如果适合，您的销售代表会延长您的评估期限。
注：每种产品的评估期限只能延长一次。
获取并应用最新的 Service Pack
经过一段等待后，用于 SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 的 Service Pack (SP) 终于发布。它们包含对市场上出现的新硬件的支持，并且汇总了所有先前发布的增补程序和 SP。
这些 SP 是可引导的。它们可用于启动 SLED 安装，从而可以前端载入较新的或刚刚获得支持的硬件的驱动程序。
获取方法如下：
- 访问 SUSE patch support database (PSDB)。
- 选择最新的 SP 和使用的架构。
- 下载各个 SP 的第一张光盘。强烈建议您使用 md5sum 工具检查您下载的光盘。（一组光盘中的最后一张 ISO 光盘可能是源代码，安装时可能不需要该光盘。）
可以使用各个 SP 的第 1 张光盘来引导和启动安装，或是使用 YaST "Patch CD Update" 模块将 SP 应用到当前安装的 SLED。
我自己
